Kugeza ubu, isi yashyizeho ubwumvikane ku iterambere ry’icyatsi kibisi. Ibihugu n’uturere bigera kuri 90 byashyizeho politiki cyangwa amabwiriza abigenga yo kugenzura cyangwa guhagarika ibicuruzwa bya pulasitiki bitangirika. Umuhengeri mushya witerambere ryicyatsi cya plastiki watangiye kwisi yose. Mu gihugu cyacu, ubukungu bwatsi, karuboni nkeya, n’ubukungu bwazengurutse nabwo bwabaye umurongo nyamukuru wa politiki y’inganda mu gihe cya “Gahunda y’imyaka 14”.
Ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko nubwo plastiki yangirika izatera imbere ku rugero runaka mu rwego rwo guteza imbere politiki, igiciro ni kinini, hazabaho ubushobozi bwo kongera umusaruro mu gihe kiri imbere, kandi uruhare mu kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ntiruzagaragara. Gutunganya plastiki byujuje ibyangombwa byubukungu bwicyatsi kibisi, karuboni nkeya nubukungu. Hamwe n'izamuka ry'ibiciro by'ubucuruzi bwa karubone no gushyiraho imisoro ku mipaka ya karubone, kongeramo itegeko ry'ibikoresho bitunganyirizwa bizaba impinduka ikomeye. Byombi gutunganya umubiri hamwe no gutunganya imiti bizongera toni miliyoni icumi. By'umwihariko, gutunganya imiti bizahinduka inzira nyamukuru yiterambere rya plastiki. Mu 2030, igipimo cy’ibicuruzwa bitunganyirizwa mu gihugu cyanjye kiziyongera kugera kuri 45% kugeza kuri 50%. Igishushanyo cyoroshye-cyo gutunganya kigamije kugabanya igipimo cyo gutunganya no gukoresha agaciro gakomeye ka plastiki. Guhanga udushya birashobora kubyara toni miriyoni za metallocene isoko rya plastike.
Gushimangira gutunganya plastike ni inzira nyamukuru mpuzamahanga
Gukemura ikibazo cy’umwanda wera uterwa na plastiki zajugunywe nicyo ntego yambere y’ibihugu byinshi ku isi gushyiraho politiki ijyanye n’imiyoborere ya plastiki. Kugeza ubu, igisubizo mpuzamahanga ku kibazo cya plastiki y’imyanda ahanini ni ukubuza cyangwa guhagarika ikoreshwa ry’ibicuruzwa bya pulasitiki bigoye gutunganya, gushishikariza gutunganya plastike, no gukoresha insimburangingo za pulasitiki zangirika. Muri byo, gushimangira gutunganya plastike ni byo byerekezo mpuzamahanga.
Kongera igipimo cyo gutunganya plastike niyo nzira yambere kubihugu byateye imbere. Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi washyizeho “umusoro wo gupakira ibintu bya pulasitiki” kuri plastiki zidashobora gukoreshwa mu bihugu bigize uyu muryango kuva ku ya 1 Mutarama 2021, kandi wanabujije ubwoko 10 bw’ibicuruzwa bya pulasitiki bikoreshwa nka polystirene yagutse kwinjira ku isoko ry’Uburayi. Gupakira imisoro bihatira ibigo bya plastiki gukoresha plastiki ikoreshwa neza. Kugeza 2025, Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi uzakoresha ibikoresho byinshi byo gupakira. Kugeza ubu, igihugu cyanjye gikoresha buri mwaka ibikoresho fatizo bya plastiki birenga toni miliyoni 100, kandi biteganijwe ko kizagera kuri toni zirenga miliyoni 150 mu 2030. Ikigereranyo gikabije cyerekana ko igihugu cyanjye cyohereza ibicuruzwa bya pulasitike mu bihugu by’Uburayi kizagera kuri toni miliyoni 2.6 mu 2030, n'umusoro wo gupakira ingana na miliyari 2.07 z'amayero. Mu gihe politiki y’imisoro yo gupakira ibihugu by’Uburayi ikomeje gutera imbere, isoko rya plastiki mu gihugu rizahura n’ibibazo. Bitewe n’umusoro wapakiwe, ni ngombwa kongeramo ibikoresho bitunganyirizwa mu bicuruzwa bya pulasitiki kugira ngo inyungu z’ibikorwa by’igihugu cyacu.
Ku rwego rwa tekiniki, ubushakashatsi buriho ku iterambere ry’icyatsi cya plastiki mu bihugu byateye imbere byibanda cyane cyane ku buryo bworoshye bwo gutunganya ibicuruzwa bya pulasitiki no guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga ryifashisha imiti. Nubwo ikoranabuhanga ryibinyabuzima ryatangijwe bwa mbere n’ibihugu by’Uburayi n’Amerika, ishyaka ryubu ryo guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga ntabwo riri hejuru.
Gutunganya plastiki ahanini bikubiyemo uburyo bubiri bwo gukoresha: gutunganya umubiri no gutunganya imiti. Kuvugurura kumubiri nuburyo bukoreshwa muburyo bwa plasitike yo gutunganya ibintu, ariko kubera ko buri kuvugurura bizagabanya ubwiza bwa plastiki yongeye gukoreshwa, kuvugurura imashini nubumubiri bifite aho bigarukira. Ku bicuruzwa bya pulasitike bifite ubuziranenge buke cyangwa bidashobora kuvugururwa byoroshye, uburyo bwo gutunganya imiti bushobora gukoreshwa muri rusange, ni ukuvuga ko plastiki y’imyanda ifatwa nk '“amavuta ya peteroli” kugira ngo itunganyirizwe kugira ngo habeho kongera gukoresha ibikoresho bya plastiki y’imyanda mu gihe hirindwa ko hajyaho ibiciro bisanzwe. ibicuruzwa bitunganyirizwa mu mubiri.
Igishushanyo cyoroshye-gutunganya, nkuko izina ribigaragaza, bivuze ko ibicuruzwa bifitanye isano na plastiki bitondera ibintu bitunganyirizwa mugihe cyo gukora no gushushanya, bityo bikiyongera cyane igipimo cyo gutunganya plastiki. Kurugero, imifuka yo gupakira yakozwe mbere ikoresheje PE, PVC, na PP ikorwa hifashishijwe ibyiciro bitandukanye bya metallocene polyethylene (mPE), byorohereza gutunganya.
Igipimo cyo gutunganya plastiki ku isi no mu bihugu bikomeye muri 2019
Muri 2020, igihugu cyanjye cyakoresheje toni zirenga miliyoni 100 za plastiki, hafi 55% muri zo zarahebwe, harimo ibicuruzwa bya pulasitiki bikoreshwa ndetse n’ibicuruzwa biramba. Muri 2019, igihugu cyanjye cyongeye gutunganya plastike cyari 30% (reba Ishusho 1), kiri hejuru yikigereranyo cyisi. Nyamara, ibihugu byateye imbere byashyizeho gahunda nini yo gutunganya amashanyarazi ya plastike, kandi igipimo cy’ibicuruzwa kizongera kwiyongera cyane mu gihe kiri imbere. Mu cyerekezo cyo kutabogama kwa karubone, igihugu cyacu nacyo kizongera cyane igipimo cyo gutunganya plastiki.
Igihugu cyanjye gikoresha imyanda ya plastiki ahanini ni kimwe n’ibikoresho fatizo, aho Ubushinwa bw’Uburasirazuba, Ubushinwa bw’Amajyepfo, n’Ubushinwa bw’Amajyaruguru aribyo byingenzi. Igipimo cyo gutunganya ibicuruzwa kiratandukanye cyane mu nganda. By'umwihariko, igipimo cyo gutunganya ibicuruzwa bipakira hamwe na plastiki ya buri munsi biva mu bikoresho bikoreshwa cyane bya pulasitike ni 12% gusa (reba Ishusho 2), ibyo bikaba bisiga umwanya munini wo gutera imbere. Plastiki yongeye gukoreshwa ifite porogaramu nyinshi, usibye bike nko gupakira kwa muganga no kurya ibiryo, aho ibikoresho byongera gukoreshwa bishobora kongerwamo.
Mu bihe biri imbere, igipimo cy’ibicuruzwa bitunganyirizwa mu gihugu cyanjye kiziyongera cyane. Kugera mu 2030, igipimo cy’ibicuruzwa bitunganyirizwa mu gihugu cyanjye kizagera kuri 45% kugeza kuri 50%. Impamvu yabyo ahanini ituruka kubintu bine: icya mbere, ubushobozi budahagije bwo gutwara ibidukikije hamwe nicyerekezo cyo kubaka umuryango uzigama umutungo bisaba umuryango wose kongera igipimo cy’ibicuruzwa bya plastiki; icya kabiri, igiciro cyubucuruzi bwa karubone gikomeje kwiyongera, kandi buri toni ya plastiki yongeye gukoreshwa izakora plastike Inzira yubuzima bwose bwo kugabanya karubone ni toni 3.88, inyungu yo gutunganya plastike yariyongereye cyane, kandi igipimo cyo gutunganya ibicuruzwa cyarazamutse cyane; icya gatatu, ibigo bikomeye bya pulasitiki byose byatangaje ko bikoresha plastiki zongeye gukoreshwa cyangwa kongeramo plastiki zongeye gukoreshwa. Ibisabwa kubitunganyirizwa biziyongera cyane mugihe kizaza, kandi birashobora gukoreshwa. Igiciro cya plastiki kirahinduka; icya kane, ibiciro bya karubone hamwe n’imisoro yo gupakira mu Burayi no muri Amerika nabyo bizahatira igihugu cyanjye kongera cyane igipimo cyo gutunganya plastiki.
Plastiki yongeye gukoreshwa ifite ingaruka nini kubutabogamye bwa karubone. Dukurikije imibare, mubuzima bwose, ugereranije, buri toni ya plastiki yongeye gukoreshwa mumubiri bizagabanya imyuka ya dioxyde de carbone kuri toni 4.16 ugereranije na plastiki idakoreshwa neza. Ugereranije, buri toni ya plastiki yongeye gukoreshwa mu buryo bwa shimi izagabanya imyuka ya gaze karuboni kuri toni 1.87 ugereranije na plastiki idakoreshwa neza. Mu 2030, igihugu cyanjye cyo gutunganya plastiki ku mubiri kizagabanya imyuka ya karuboni toni miliyoni 120, naho gutunganya umubiri + gutunganya imiti (harimo no gutunganya imyanda yabitswe) bizagabanya imyuka ya karuboni toni miliyoni 180.
Nyamara, uruganda rwanjye rutunganya plastike mu gihugu cyanjye ruracyafite ibibazo byinshi. Ubwa mbere, inkomoko ya plastiki yimyanda iratatanye, imiterere yibicuruzwa bya pulasitiki yimyanda iratandukanye cyane, kandi ubwoko bwibikoresho buratandukanye, kuburyo bigoye kongera gutunganya plastiki yimyanda mugihugu cyanjye. Icya kabiri, imyanda itunganya imyanda ya plastike ifite urwego ruto kandi ahanini ni inganda zikora amahugurwa. Uburyo bwo gutondekanya cyane cyane gutondekanya intoki kandi bukabura tekinoroji yo gutondeka neza hamwe nibikoresho byinganda. Kugeza mu mwaka wa 2020, mu Bushinwa hari amasosiyete 26.000 yo gutunganya ibicuruzwa bya pulasitiki, bikaba bito mu bunini, bikwirakwizwa cyane, kandi muri rusange bikaba bifite intege nke mu nyungu. Ibiranga imiterere yinganda byateje ibibazo mu kugenzura inganda zitunganya plastiki mu gihugu cyanjye n’ishoramari rinini mu mutungo ngenzuramikorere. Icya gatatu, gucikamo inganda nabyo byatumye habaho irushanwa rikaze. Ibigo byita cyane kubiciro byibicuruzwa no kugabanya ibiciro byumusaruro, ariko bigasuzugura kuzamura ikoranabuhanga. Iterambere rusange ryinganda riratinda. Inzira nyamukuru yo gukoresha imyanda ya plastike nugukora plastiki ikoreshwa neza. Nyuma yo gusuzuma intoki no gutondekanya, hanyuma binyuze mubikorwa nko guhonyora, gushonga, guhunika, no guhindura, plastiki yimyanda ikorwa mubice bya plastiki byongeye gukoreshwa bishobora gukoreshwa. Bitewe n'amasoko akomeye ya plastiki yongeye gukoreshwa hamwe n’umwanda mwinshi, ubwiza bwibicuruzwa burakennye cyane. Hano harakenewe byihutirwa gushimangira ubushakashatsi bwa tekiniki no kunoza ituze rya plastiki ikoreshwa neza. Uburyo bwo kugarura imiti ntibushobora gucuruzwa kubera ibintu nkigiciro kinini cyibikoresho na catalizator. Gukomeza kwiga inzira zihenze nigikorwa cyingenzi cyubushakashatsi nicyerekezo cyiterambere.
Hariho inzitizi nyinshi ku iterambere rya plastiki yangirika
Plastiki yangirika, izwi kandi nka plastiki yangiza ibidukikije, yerekeza ku bwoko bwa plastiki ishobora amaherezo kwangirika burundu muri dioxyde de carbone, metani, amazi hamwe n’umunyu ngugu wa organic organique yibigize, kimwe na biomass nshya, mubihe bitandukanye muri kamere. Bitewe nuburyo bwo kwangirika, imirima ikoreshwa, ubushakashatsi niterambere, nibindi, plastiki yangirika ivugwa muruganda ahanini yerekeza kuri plastiki ibora. Kugeza ubu ibyingenzi byangirika byangiza ni PBAT, PLA, nibindi. Plastike yibinyabuzima isaba iminsi 90 kugeza 180 kugirango yangwe burundu mugihe cyo gufumbira inganda, kandi kubera umwihariko wibikoresho, mubisanzwe bakeneye gushyirwa mubyiciro bitandukanye no kubitunganya. Ubushakashatsi bugezweho bwibanda kuri plastiki ishobora kwangirika, plastiki yangirika mugihe cyagenwe.
Gutanga byihuse, gufata, imifuka ya pulasitike ikoreshwa, hamwe na firime ya mulch nigice cyingenzi gikoreshwa muri plastiki yangirika mugihe kizaza. Nkurikije “Igihugu cyanjye“ Ibitekerezo byo kurushaho gukaza umurego mu kurwanya umwanda wa plastiki ”, gutanga ibicuruzwa byihuse, gufata, hamwe n’imifuka ya pulasitike ikoreshwa bigomba gukoreshwa mu mwaka wa 2025, kandi hakoreshwa ikoreshwa rya plastiki y’ibinyabuzima muri firime. Nyamara, imirima yavuzwe haruguru yongereye ikoreshwa rya plastiki n’ibisimburwa bya pulasitiki byangirika, nko gukoresha impapuro n’imyenda idoda mu gusimbuza plastiki zipakirwa, kandi firime zo mu bwoko bwa muringing zashimangiye gutunganya. Kubwibyo, igipimo cyo kwinjira muri plastiki ya biodegradable kiri munsi ya 100%. Dukurikije ibigereranyo, mu 2025, icyifuzo cya plastiki cyangirika mu mirima yavuzwe haruguru kizaba hafi toni miliyoni 3 kugeza kuri miliyoni 4.
Ibinyabuzima byangiza ibinyabuzima bigira ingaruka nke kuri kutabogama kwa karubone. Ibyuka byangiza imyuka ya PBST biri munsi gato ugereranije na PP, hamwe na karuboni yohereza toni 6.2 / toni, ikaba iruta imyuka ya karuboni yangiza imyanda gakondo. PLA ni bio-ishingiye kuri plastiki yangirika. Nubwo ibyuka byangiza imyuka ya karubone ari bike, ntabwo byangiza imyuka ya karubone, kandi ibikoresho bishingiye kuri bio bitwara imbaraga nyinshi mugikorwa cyo gutera, fermentation, gutandukana no kwezwa.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-06-2024