Raporo y’isoko rya nyuma ry’umuguzi wongeye gukoreshwa nyuma y’isoko rya 2023-2033 ryashyizwe ahagaragara na Visiongain, isoko rya plastiki (PCR) nyuma y’umuguzi ku isi rizaba rifite agaciro ka miliyari 16.239 z’amadolari y’Amerika mu 2022 kandi biteganijwe ko riziyongera ku gipimo cya 9.4% mu gihe cya igihe giteganijwe cyo muri 2023-2033. Gukura ku kigero cyo kwiyongera kwumwaka.
Kugeza ubu, igihe cy’ubukungu bw’umuzingi wa karuboni nkeya cyatangiye, kandi gutunganya plastike byabaye uburyo bw’ingenzi bwo gutunganya karuboni nkeya ya plastiki. Plastike, nkibikoreshwa mubuzima bwa buri munsi, bizana ubuzima bwabantu, ariko kandi bizana ibintu byinshi bitameze neza, nko gutwarwa nubutaka, kwanduza amazi n’ibyangiza umuriro, ibyo bikaba byangiza ibidukikije abantu batuyemo. Kuba havutse inganda za plastiki zitunganyirizwa mu mahanga ntizikemura gusa ikibazo cy’umwanda w’ibidukikije, ahubwo inizigama ikoreshwa ry’ingufu, ifasha mu gucunga umutekano w’ingufu, kandi ifasha kugera ku ntego za karubone n’intego zo kutabogama kwa karubone.
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Ntabwo ari byiza kwanduza ibidukikije
Nigute "gutunganya" imyanda ya plastiki?
Mugihe plastike izana korohereza abaguzi, nayo yangiza cyane ibidukikije nubuzima bwinyanja.
McKinsey avuga ko imyanda ya pulasitike ku isi izagera kuri toni miliyoni 460 mu 2030, toni miliyoni 200 zuzuye zirenze iyo mu 2016. Birihutirwa gushakira igisubizo gishoboka imyanda itunganya imyanda.
Amashanyarazi yongeye gukoreshwa yerekeza ku bikoresho fatizo bya pulasitiki byabonetse mu gutunganya imyanda ya plastike hakoreshejwe uburyo bw’umubiri cyangwa imiti nko kwitegura, gushonga, no guhindura. Iyo imyanda ya pulasitike imaze kwinjira mu musaruro, ikora inzira nko gukora isuku no kumanuka, guhagarika ubushyuhe bwo hejuru, gutondeka, no kumenagura kugira ngo bibe ibishishwa bitunganijwe neza; flake mbisi noneho zinyura mubikorwa nko gukora isuku (gutandukanya umwanda, kweza), kwoza, no gukama kugirango bibe bishya bisukuye; amaherezo, ukurikije ibikenewe mu mirima itandukanye ikoreshwa, ibikoresho bitandukanye bya pulasitiki bitunganyirizwa mu nganda bikozwe mu bikoresho bya granulation, bigurishwa mu bigo bitandukanye mu gihugu ndetse no hanze yacyo kandi bigakoreshwa muri filime ya polyester, gupakira plastiki, ibikoresho byo mu rugo, plastiki z’imodoka na indi mirima.
Inyungu nini ya plastiki yongeye gukoreshwa ni uko bihendutse kuruta ibikoresho bishya hamwe na plastiki yangirika, kandi ukurikije imikorere itandukanye, gusa ibintu bimwe na bimwe bya plastiki birashobora gutunganywa kandi nibishobora gukorwa. Iyo umubare wizunguruko utari mwinshi, plastiki yongeye gukoreshwa irashobora kugumana ibintu bisa na plastiki gakondo, cyangwa birashobora gukomeza ibintu bihamye bivanga ibikoresho bitunganyirizwa hamwe nibikoresho bishya.
02Iterambere rya plastiki yongeye gukoreshwa ryabaye rusange muri rusange
Nyuma y’uko “Igitekerezo cyo kurushaho gushimangira kurwanya umwanda wa plastiki” kimaze gusohoka mu Bushinwa muri Mutarama umwaka ushize, inganda za plastiki zangirika zazamutse vuba, kandi ibiciro bya PBAT na PLA byazamutse. Kugeza ubu, ubushobozi bwo gutanga umusaruro wa PBAT yo mu gihugu bwarenze toni miliyoni 12. Intego nyamukuru ziyi mishinga nizo soko ryimbere mu gihugu nu Burayi.
Ariko, kubuza plastike ya SUP yatanzwe n’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi mu ntangiriro za Nyakanga uyu mwaka byabujije byimazeyo gukoresha plastiki yangirika mu kirere kugira ngo ikore ibicuruzwa bya pulasitiki bikoreshwa. Ahubwo, yashimangiye iterambere ry’imyanda itunganijwe kandi isaba ko hakoreshwa umubare w’ibikoresho bitunganyirizwa mu mishinga nk’amacupa ya polyester. Nta gushidikanya ko ari ingaruka zikomeye ku isoko rya plastiki ryangirika ryaguka vuba.
Ku bw'amahirwe, guhagarika plastike muri Philadelphia, Amerika, n'Ubufaransa nabyo birabuza ubwoko bwihariye bwa plastiki yangirika kandi bushimangira gutunganya plastiki. Ibihugu byateye imbere mu Burayi no muri Amerika byita cyane ku gutunganya ibicuruzwa bya pulasitiki, bikwiye ko tubitekereza.
Guhindura imyifatire y’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi ku bijyanye na plastiki yangirika mbere na mbere biterwa n’imikorere mibi ya plastiki yangirika ubwabo, icya kabiri, plastiki yangirika ntishobora gukemura byimazeyo ikibazo cy’umwanda wa plastike.
Ibinyabuzima bishobora kwangirika birashobora kubora mubihe bimwe na bimwe, bivuze ko imiterere yubukanishi yabo ifite intege nke kuruta plastiki zisanzwe kandi ntizifite ubushobozi mubice byinshi. Birashobora gukoreshwa gusa kubyara ibicuruzwa bimwe bisabwa hamwe nibikorwa bike.
Byongeye kandi, muri iki gihe plastiki isanzwe yangirika ntishobora kwangirika bisanzwe kandi bisaba imiterere yihariye. Niba ibicuruzwa bya pulasitiki byangiritse bitongeye gukoreshwa, ibyangiza ibidukikije ntibizaba bitandukanye cyane nibya plastiki bisanzwe.
Twizera rero ko ahantu hashimishije cyane kuri plastiki yangirika ari ugusubirwamo muri sisitemu yo gufumbira ifumbire mvaruganda hamwe n’imyanda itose.
Mu rwego rwa plastiki yimyanda isubirwamo, gutunganya plastiki yimyanda muri plastiki itunganijwe hifashishijwe uburyo bwumubiri cyangwa imiti bifite akamaro gakomeye. Plastiki ivuguruye ntabwo igabanya gusa gukoresha umutungo w’ibinyabuzima, ahubwo inagabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere mu gihe cyo kuyitunganya. Ntabwo munsi yuburyo bwo gukora ibikoresho bibisi, ifite icyatsi kibisi.
Kubwibyo, twizera ko politiki y’uburayi ihinduka kuva muri plastiki yangirika ikajya muri plastiki ikoreshwa neza ifite akamaro mu bumenyi kandi bufatika.
Urebye ku isoko, plastiki yongeye gukoreshwa ifite umwanya mugari kuruta plastiki yangirika. Ibinyabuzima byangiza ibinyabuzima bigarukira kubikorwa bidahagije kandi birashobora gukoreshwa gusa mubicuruzwa bikoreshwa hamwe nibisabwa bike, mugihe plastiki yongeye gukoreshwa irashobora gusimbuza plastiki yisugi mubice byinshi.
Kurugero, muri iki gihe imbere mu gihugu imbere cyane fibre polyester staple fibre, yongeye gukoreshwa PS ivuye muri Inko Recycling, ibicupa byacupa bya polyester byatanzwe na Sanlian Hongpu kubikorwa bya EPC mumahanga, byongeye gukoreshwa nylon EPC kubikoresho bishya bya Taihua, hamwe na polyethylene na ABS Hariho ibikoresho byongeye gukoreshwa. , kandi igipimo rusange cyimirima gifite ubushobozi bwo kuba toni miliyoni amagana.
03Iterambere rya politiki
Inganda za plastiki zongeye gukoreshwa zifite ibipimo bishya
Nubwo inganda zo mu gihugu zibanze kuri plastiki zangirika hakiri kare, urwego rwa politiki mu byukuri rwashyigikiraga gutunganya plastike no kuyikoresha.
Mu myaka yashize, mu rwego rwo guteza imbere iterambere ry’inganda zikoreshwa mu gutunganya plastiki, igihugu cyacu cyagiye gitanga politiki nyinshi, nka “Itangazo ryo gutanga gahunda y'ibikorwa byo kurwanya umwanda wa plastike muri gahunda y’imyaka 14 y’imyaka itanu” yatanzwe n’igihugu Komisiyo ishinzwe iterambere n’ivugurura na Minisiteri y’ibidukikije n’ibidukikije mu 2021 mu rwego rwo kongera gutunganya imyanda ya pulasitike, gushyigikira iyubakwa ry’imishinga itunganya imyanda ya pulasitike, gushyira ahagaragara urutonde rw’ibigo bigenga imikoreshereze yuzuye y’imyanda, Kuyobora imishinga ijyanye no guhuriza hamwe ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu gutunganya umutungo, inganda zikoreshwa mu nganda zikoreshwa hamwe n’izindi parike, no guteza imbere igipimo cy’inganda zitunganya imyanda ya plastike Igipimo, gisukuye kandi gitezimbere. Muri Kamena 2022, hasohotse “Tekiniki ya tekiniki yo kurwanya imyanda ihumanya imyanda”, itanga ibisabwa bishya ku nganda zikoreshwa mu nganda za plastiki zo mu ngo kandi zikomeza gushyira mu bikorwa iterambere ry’inganda.
Gutunganya no gukoresha imyanda ya plastike ni inzira igoye. Hamwe no guhanga udushya mu ikoranabuhanga, ibicuruzwa n’inganda zahinduwe, ibicuruzwa byangiza imyanda mu gihugu cyanjye biratera imbere mu cyerekezo cyiza, ubwoko bwinshi, n’ikoranabuhanga rikomeye.
Kugeza ubu, plastiki yongeye gukoreshwa yakoreshejwe mu myenda, imodoka, gupakira ibiryo n'ibinyobwa, ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki no mu zindi nzego. Hashyizweho ibigo byinshi binini byo gukwirakwiza ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga hamwe n’ibigo bitunganya ibicuruzwa byashinzwe mu gihugu hose, bikwirakwizwa cyane cyane muri Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Shandong, Hebei, Liaoning n'ahandi. Nyamara, uruganda rwanjye rutunganya imyanda itunganya imyanda iracyiganjemo imishinga mito n'iciriritse, kandi mubuhanga iracyibanda kubitunganya. Haracyariho kubura ibidukikije byangiza ibidukikije hamwe na gahunda yo gutunganya umutungo hamwe nibibazo byatsinzwe kuri plastiki zidafite agaciro gasigara nka plastiki yimyanda.
Hamwe n’ishyirwaho rya “gahunda yo kubuza plastike”, “gushyira mu byiciro imyanda” na “kutabogama kwa karubone”, inganda z’ibicuruzwa bya plastiki mu gihugu cyanjye byatunganyije amahirwe menshi y’iterambere.
Plastiki yongeye gukoreshwa ninganda zicyatsi zishishikarizwa kandi zunganira politiki yigihugu. Nibice byingenzi cyane mukugabanya no gukoresha umutungo mwinshi wimyanda ikomeye ya plastiki. Muri 2020, uturere tumwe na tumwe mu gihugu cyanjye twatangiye gushyira mu bikorwa politiki ihamye yo gushyira imyanda. Mu 2021, Ubushinwa bwabujije burundu kwinjiza imyanda ikomeye. Mu 2021, uturere tumwe na tumwe two mu gihugu twatangiye gushyira mu bikorwa byimazeyo "itegeko ryo guhagarika plastike". Ibigo byinshi kandi byinshi bikurikiza "itegeko ryo kubuza plastike". Mubitekerezo, twatangiye kubona indangagaciro nyinshi za plastiki zongeye gukoreshwa. Bitewe nigiciro cyayo gito, ibyiza byo kurengera ibidukikije, hamwe ninkunga ya politiki, urunigi rwa plastike rwongeye gukoreshwa kuva aho rugana kugeza ku ndunduro rwuzuza amakosa yarwo kandi rutera imbere byihuse. Kurugero, ishyirwa mubikorwa ryimyanda yimyanda ifite akamaro keza mugutezimbere iterambere ryinganda zikoreshwa mu gutunganya imyanda yo mu ngo, kandi byorohereza ishyirwaho nogutezimbere uruganda rukora inganda zifunga inganda.
Muri icyo gihe, umubare w’inganda zanditswe zijyanye na plastiki zitunganyirizwa mu Bushinwa ziyongereyeho 59.4% mu 2021.
Kuva Ubushinwa bwabuzaga gutumiza imyanda ya plastiki, byagize ingaruka ku miterere y’isoko rya plastiki ku isi. Ibihugu byinshi byateye imbere bigomba gushakisha "gusohoka" bishya kugirango birusheho kwegeranya imyanda. Nubwo iyo myanda igana buri gihe ari ibindi bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere, nk'Ubuhinde, Pakisitani cyangwa Aziya y'Amajyepfo y'uburasirazuba bwa Aziya, ibikoresho n'ibikoresho byo mu musaruro biri hejuru cyane ugereranije n'Ubushinwa.
Amashanyarazi yongeye gukoreshwa hamwe na plastiki ya granile ifite ibyerekezo byinshi, ibicuruzwa (granules ya plastike) bifite isoko ryagutse, kandi nibisabwa namasosiyete ya plastike nabyo ni byinshi. Kurugero, uruganda rukora amafirime yubuhinzi ruciriritse rukenera toni zirenga 1.000 za pellethylene pellet buri mwaka, uruganda rwinkweto ruciriritse rukenera toni zirenga 2000 za pelvinyl chloride pellet buri mwaka, kandi ibigo bito byigenga nabyo bikenera toni zirenga 500 za pellet buri mwaka. Kubwibyo, Hariho icyuho kinini muri pelletike ya plastike kandi ntishobora guhaza ibyifuzo byabakora plastike. Mu 2021, umubare w’amasosiyete yiyandikishije ajyanye na plastiki yongeye gukoreshwa mu Bushinwa yari 42.082, umwaka ushize wiyongereyeho 59.4%.
Twabibutsa ko ahantu hashyushye cyane mu bijyanye no gutunganya imyanda ya pulasitiki, “uburyo bwo gutunganya imiti”, ihinduka uburyo bushya bwo kurwanya umwanda w’imyanda mu gihe hitawe ku gutunganya umutungo. Kugeza ubu, ibihangange bikomoka kuri peteroli ku isi bigerageza amazi no gushyiraho inganda. Itsinda rya Sinopec ryo mu gihugu naryo rishyiraho ihuriro ry’inganda mu rwego rwo guteza imbere no gushyira mu bikorwa umushinga w’uburyo bwo gutunganya imyanda ya pulasitiki. Biteganijwe ko mu myaka itanu iri imbere, imyanda y’imyanda itunganya imyanda ya plastike iri ku isonga mu ishoramari, izashyiraho isoko rishya rifite inganda zingana na miliyari amagana, kandi rizagira uruhare runini mu guteza imbere kurwanya umwanda wa plastike, gutunganya umutungo, kubungabunga ingufu no kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya.
Hamwe nigipimo kizaza, gukaza umurego, kubaka imiyoboro no guhanga udushya mu ikoranabuhanga, guhagarika parike buhoro buhoro, inganda n’ubwubatsi bunini bw’inganda za pulasitiki zongeye gukoreshwa ni inzira nyamukuru y’iterambere.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-02-2024